The theme of Parashat Kedoshim is that of maintaining holiness in our
horizontal relationships. Chapter 19 details the particulars about
separating ourselves in our conduct. And chapter 20 describes the
dire consequences for transgression of the holiness instructions.
Maintaining purity and separateness from sin is an unmovable requirement
for those who wish to enter into the Messianic Age.
Let's break down the teaching on how to be holy into smaller chunks.
Each of these instructions tell us the various aspects of holiness.
Holiness Laws
The Hebrew more literally reads, "Holy ones you shall be, for holy am I,
Yahuwah your Elohim." The Hebrew word is
vAdq (kadosh), which means to be
set apart, consecrated, holy, separated. The noun is in the
plural because Yahuwah is calling the entire nation to separate
themselves. Since Yahuwah is separate from the sinful activities
of the world, we who belong to Elohim must also separate ourselves from
those practices as we "transform ourselves my the renewing of our minds
to the image of Messiah." This renewing of the mind is done by
understanding and following the commandments given to us from the mouth
of Elohim.
Holiness is first here described by alluding to three of the Ten Words of
the Covenant. You must respect (honor) you father and mother.
You must observe the Sabbaths of Yahuwah. And you must separate
yourself from idols made of cast metal (have no other Elohim besides
Yahuwah).
Regarding the Shelamim/Fellowship Offering
The shelamim offering is thought to be a "peace offering" or "fellowship
offering." The shelamim is offered not for sin, but for
approaching Yahuwah in peace for fellowship or friendship. The
instructions for the shelamim offering is given to us in detail in
Vayiqra 3. The shelamim, like the tithe offering and the
first-born offering could be eaten for two days. All other edible
offerings must be eaten on the first day only and then burned. (Pesach
lamb could only be eaten that night, then burned the first morning)
Harvesting Laws
Yahuwah shows great care and concern for the poor and needy. Those
who do not have the privilege of being born into an inheritance of land
in Israel still need food. Thus, the Israelites are told to leave
a portion of their crops for those who have no other source of food.
Laws Regulating Loving Your Neighbor
Yahusha Messiah has taught us that to love Yahuwah our Elohim is the
greatest commandment. But the second greatest is that of loving
your neighbor as yourself:
Yahusha replied: "'Love Yahuwah your
Elohim with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your
mind.' This is the first and greatest commandment. And
the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.' All the
Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments." (Matthew 22:37-40)
Vayiqra 19:18 gives us the command to love your
neighbor. But this command is a summary of that which precedes it.
In other words, the commands which come before "love your neighbor"
actually describe and define what "love" means here.
To love your neighbor means much
more than just to have happy feelings toward your neighbor. Love
for him encompasses responsibility for him ("Am I my brother's keeper."
Yes!). And love for him requires action on my part. The
commands which define "love for neighbor" are given in verses 11 through
18. These are listed in the chart below:
|
Here is how Vayiqra 19 tells me to love my neighbor: |
11 |
Do not steal. |
11 |
Do not lie. |
11 |
Do not deceive one another. |
12 |
Do not swear falsely by my name and so profane the name
of your Elohim. |
13 |
Do not defraud your neighbor or rob him. |
13 |
Do not hold back the wages of a hired man overnight. |
14 |
Do not curse the deaf or put a stumbling block in front
of the blind, but fear your Elohim. |
15 |
Do not pervert justice |
15 |
Do not show partiality to the poor or
favoritism to the great |
15 |
Judge your neighbor fairly. |
16 |
Do not go about spreading slander among your people. |
16 |
Do not do anything that endangers your neighbor's life. |
17 |
Do not hate your brother in your heart. |
17 |
Rebuke your neighbor frankly so you will not share in
his guilt. |
18 |
Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your
people |
18 |
Love your neighbor as yourself. |
Christians who think they are obeying Jesus' command to love your neighbor
as yourself ought to study this short list of details about loving
neighbor. Loving him is not just to wish for your neighbor's good
or to wave and smile at him when you pass him. Loving him requires
us to act righteously toward him and even to confront him when he is
walking in sin. Doing so may save his life (see James 5:19-20)!
Law Forbidding Mixing Species
The prohibition of mating different
kinds is alluded to in Vayiqra 18, where neither men nor women are
permitted to mate with animals. Such activity is an abomination.
Likewise, different animal species are not to be mated. Elohim
created all things orderly in the beginning. Each species of
creature and plant, bird and fish were created to reproduce "after their
own kind." To try to mix them would be working against nature and
against the will of Elohim in creation.
Mixing seed produces cross pollination which results in compromised
plants and a compromise of the properties of the new plant. Each
plant species has a specific purpose in creation and in nutrition which
is diminished and perverted when intentionally interspersed.
Many think that wearing clothing
woven of two kinds of material simply reflects an attitude of crossing
the boundaries established by Elohim for mankind. By mixing
threads we are indicating that mixing clean and unclean and mixing holy
and unholy are also acceptable. This may be an intended meaning of
this prohibition. But more likely, the unknown harm that can
result from the electromagnetic properties of mixed materials is what is
being prohibited by this instruction. The natural protection
provided by the properties of a material may be minimalized by mixing
materials not alike.
A Law Concerning a Slave
Girl
All acts of
adultery - that is, sleeping with a married person not your own spouse -
is punishable by death. But sleeping with a virgin slave girl not
yet given to a man is an exception. Because the virgin is a slave,
not yet given to the one promised, sleeping with her is not a capital
crime. Any free virgin pledged to a man is considered married, and
thus it would be adultery for any other man to sleep with her.
The guilty
man could find atonement for this sin. And he had to be punished,
presumably according to the judges ruling. Yet he must bring the
ram for a guilt offering to receive forgiveness from Yahuwah.
The Law of the Fruit Tree
The reason for law of the fruit tree is not clear. The Hebrew
literally reads that this young fruit is to be considered uncircumcised.
This may be because it is immature (this is only a guess on my part).
In the fourth year it can be given to the priests only. After that
it may be eaten.
Law Forbidding Eating of
Blood
The Holiness Code includes the prohibition against eating blood. The
greater explanation of this is given in Vayiqra 17:10-16 (see
Parashat Acharei).
Eating blood defiles the person and makes him decidedly unholy.
Divination and witchcraft are demon worship and are an open-faced betrayal
of Yahuwah. The punishment for these is death.
Prohibition of Cuttings For
the Dead
With the above two passages of Torah which prohibit cutting the beard as a
mourning ritual, we approach Vayiqra 19:27, which in the Hebrew reads:
~k,_v.aro ta;ÞP.
WpQiêt; al{
^n<)q'z> ta;îP. taeÞ
tyxiêv.t; al{åw>
Again, the popular English
Bible translations interpret as follows:
Leviticus 19:27 Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt thou mar the
corners of thy beard. (king jimmy version)
Leviticus 19:27 'You shall not round off the side-growth of your heads nor harm the
edges of your beard. (NAS)
Leviticus 19:27 Do not cut the hair at the sides of your head or clip off the edges of
your beard. (NIV)
Leviticus 19:27 You shall not round off the side-growth on your head, or destroy the
side-growth of your beard. (New Living)
My translation is:
You shall not trim the side of your heads and you shall not ruin the side
of your beard.
Is this prohibition parallel to the other two, or is this referring to a
different situation? Let's look at the immediate context (the next
verse) of this prohibition:
28 You shall not slash your body for a dead person or incise a tattoo on
yourself. I am Yahuwah.
Wow! There it is again! This prohibition given to all Yisrael
to refrain from cutting or marring the hair on ones head is immediately
followed by another prohibition against ritual self-infliction of injury
on behalf of the dead.
Following the Hebrew language pattern, one may even translate these two
verses without a period (i.e. as a continuation of the same thought) by
rendering it as follows:
You shall not trim the side of your heads and you shall not ruin the side
of your beard and you shall not slash your body for a dead person
or incise a tattoo on yourself. I am Yahuwah.
The phrase "for a dead person" actually should be understood to apply to
each of the three prohibitions and to the prohibition that follows
regarding tattooing the flesh! Just as in the preceding two passages
in the Torah, this one also is clearly speaking to the specific
practices done by the pagans when they mourn for their dead. These
practices of cutting the flesh and cutting the hair on the head for the
dead are always prohibited for Yahuwah's people, whether priests or
otherwise.
Nowhere in the Torah are the sons of Yisrael ever told that they must
never cut their hair or trim their beards. What the sons of
Yisrael are told to do is to refrain from participating in the ritual
mourning practices of the pagans.
There is one case in Scripture when a man is commanded not to cut
his hair or beard. This is the Nazirite vow (Bamidbar 6). In
this instance, one who takes this vow is to do so for a predetermined
length of time, after which, he may again shave and drink of the fruit
of the vine. But this is the only time when the Scripture commands
one to refrain from cutting the hair or the beard (apart from the case
of mourning for the dead).
Rabbinical interpretation has all "Torah-observant" Jews letting their hair
and their beards grow long and ragged. This is a long standing
tradition that has handcuffed Jews for centuries, yea, even millennia.
But there is no requirement in the written Scriptures for obedient
members of the community of Yisrael to let their hair and beards grow
unchecked.
As in the background graphic depicting a devout Jew with a long beard, the
Jews wear their beards as a sign of their obedience to Torah.
Ironically, the long beard is not a requirement of the written
Scriptures. Rather, the long, untrimmed beard can be interpreted
as a sign worn by one who is entrapped by the Oral Tradition of the
Rabbis! There is nothing intrinsically wrong with growing ones
beard untrimmed. But one must be careful that we do not grow our
beards "for a show" like the Pharisees who did many things "for a show"
such as praying long, loud public prayers, and wearing their tassels
very long so as to be noticed and thought to be "more righteous."
Miscellaneous Laws
These laws address property treatment of a daughter, proper respect and
worship of Elohim, singularity in worship of Elohim, respect for the
elderly, proper treatment of the alien, honesty in business affairs.
The rising in the presence of the aged (Hebrew says, "grey-haired") is
interesting to me. I don't see many people who claim to be "Torah
observant" or "Torah positive" or "Torah seeking" doing this
commandment. I'll believe them when I see them actually rising in
the presence of the elderly.
The Use of
the Holiness Code in the Book of James and 1 Peter
James' use of
the Levitical Law of Holiness in his epistle is striking. Besides the obvious allusion
to the moral code of the Ten Commandments James makes in 2:11, which, he
insists, the believer must obey lest he be found to be a transgressor,
this epistle is saturated with other applications of the holiness code
which pertain to the life of the community of New Testament believers.
Like Paul, James calls the believer to a life of holiness: "just
as he who called you is holy, so be holy in all you do; for it is written:
'Be holy, because I am holy" (1:15,16; cf.Leviticus19:2).
Second, James insists that disciples
of Messiah
should "love
your neighbor as yourself" (2:8; cf.Leviticus19:18). Third, he
urges them to stop showing favoritism on the basis of social status
(2:1-4), which Leviticus19:15 also forbids: "Do not show partiality to
the poor or favoritism to the great, but judge your neighbor fairly."
Fourth, James writes, "Brothers, do not slander one another"
(4:11), which reproduces Leviticus19:16: "Do not go about spreading
slander among your people." Fifth, Leviticus19:13, "Do not
defraud your neighbor or rob him. Do not hold back the wages of a hired
man overnight" corresponds to James' warning not to hoard money: "Look!
The wages you failed to pay the workmen who mowed your fields are crying
out against you" (5:4).
A sixth parallel between James and
Leviticus is about swearing. Leviticus19:12 commands its readers to "not
swear falsely by my name." James, after his Master, interprets this
to mean "do not swear - not by heaven or by earth or by anything
else" (5:12). And seventh, "Rebuke your neighbor
frankly" (Leviticus19:17) finds its counterpart in James 5:19,20: "My
brothers, if one of you should wander from the truth and someone should
bring him back, remember this: Whoever turns a sinner away from his error
will save him from death and cover over a multitude of sins."
Walter C. Kaiser Jr. notes that these commands James gives to the
Messianics
are taken
from what is generally called the "Law of
Holiness" (Leviticus18-20). Thus, from the heart of what many would regard
as the ceremonial law comes the basis for the practical, ethical, and
moral nurturing of NT believers! (Uses
of the Old Testament in the New,
p.222.
In chart form, note the verbal
parallels between the Holiness Code of Leviticus and James' epistle:
Holiness Code of Leviticus |
James' Epistle |
19:2 Speak to the
entire assembly of Yisrael and say to them: 'Be holy because
I, Yahuwah your Elohim, am holy.' |
1:15-16
"Just
as he who called you is holy, so be holy in all you do; for it is written:
'Be holy, because I am holy" |
19:18 "love
your neighbor as yourself." |
2:8
"love
your neighbor as yourself" |
19:15
"Do not show partiality to
the poor or favoritism to the great, but judge your neighbor fairly." |
2:1-4 "My brothers, as
believers in our glorious the Master Yahusha Messiah, don't
show favoritism...." |
19:16
"Do not go about spreading
slander among your people." |
4:11
"Brothers, do not slander one another" |
19:13
"Do not
defraud your neighbor or rob him. Do not hold back the wages of a hired
man overnight" |
5:4
"Look!
The wages you failed to pay the workmen who mowed your fields are crying
out against you" |
19:12 "Do not
swear falsely by my name and so profane the name of your
Elohim. I am Yahuwah." |
5:12
"do not swear - not by heaven or by earth or by anything
else" |
19:17
"Rebuke your neighbor
frankly" |
5:19-20
"My
brothers, if one of you should wander from the truth and someone should
bring him back, remember this: Whoever turns a sinner away from his error
will save him from death and cover over a multitude of sins." |
In his first epistle, Peter also
alludes to the applicability of the Levitical Law of Holiness to the life
of the church where he quotes that phrase frequently repeated in the
holiness code, "be holy, because I am holy" (1 Peter
1:15). Other parallels include the following: Leviticus 18 lists unlawful
sexual relationships for the community of believers, and Peter summarizes
these is 2:11: "Dear friends, I urge you...to abstain from sinful
desires." Leviticus 18:3 instructs the sons of Yisrael, "You
must not do as they do in Egypt, where you used to live...do not follow
their practices," and Peter passes on these instructions to the
Messianic community: "As obedient children, do not conform to the
evil desires you had when you lived in ignorance" (1:14).
How can anyone doubt that the Holiness Code of
Leviticus was at the forefront of the New Testament writers minds as
they were penning the instructions for the Messianics?